Science Source

Anthropogenic Warming of the Oceans: Observations and Model Results

Observations show the oceans have warmed over the past 40 yr, with appreciable regional variation and more warming at the surface than at depth
Compares the observations with results from two coupled ocean–atmosphere climate models that include anthropogenic forcing
The comparison shows remarkable agreement between the observed and model-estimated warming
Models were sampled at the same locations as gridded yearly observed data
Finds that in the top 100 m of the water column the warming is well separated from natural variability, including both variability arising from internal instabilities of the coupled ocean–atmosphere climate system and that arising from volcanism and solar fluctuations
Finds that between 125 and 200 m the agreement is not significant, but then increases again below this level, and remains significant down to 600 m
Finds that the warming is driven by an increase in net surface heat flux that reaches 0.7 W m−2 by the 1990s; the downward longwave flux increases by 3.7 W m−2, which is not fully compensated by an increase in the upward longwave flux of 2.2 W m−2
Finds that latent and net solar heat fluxes each decrease by about 0.6 W m−2
Finds that changes in advection can also play an important role in local ocean warming due to anthropogenic forcing, depending on the location
Concludes that the observed sampling of ocean temperature is highly variable in space and time, but sufficient to detect the anthropogenic warming signal in all basins, at least in the surface layers, by the 1980s